Core Transportation Methods: Cost & Delivery Time
1. Container Shipping
Full Container Load (FCL):
Suitable for bulk cargo (e.g., 20GP/40HQ containers).
Stable delivery time (China to Europe/US: 22-30 days),lowest unit cost, minimal cargo damage.
Less than Container Load (LCL):
For shipments below full container volume (typically <15m³).
Costs shared by volume, but delivery time extended to 25-35 days.
2. China-Europe Railway Express:
The "Golden Option" balancing cost and speed.
Costs only 1/5 of air freight; 50% faster than sea shipping (China-Europe: 15-20 days).
Limitations: Limited coverage areas; requires matching urgent/high-turnover demand.
3. Air Freight: Priority channel for urgent deliveries.
China to Europe/US: 5-8 days; ideal for high-value/seasonal goods.
High costs and strict weight/category restrictions.
Allocation of Responsibilities: Shipping, Customs & Taxation
FOB (Free On Board):
Seller's obligations: Complete export clearance, deliver goods to port and load onto vessel (covers trucking/clearance fees).
Buyer's obligations: Assume all freight costs/risks after loading; handle destination customs clearance.
CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight):
Seller's obligations: Pay freight/insurance to destination port (typically 110% cargo value coverage); provide shipping documents.
Buyer's obligations: Risk transfers upon loading; responsible for destination clearance/taxes.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid):
Seller's obligations: Manage entire transport, import/export clearance, and all taxes (including VAT/duties) until delivery to buyer's warehouse.
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